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Serer maternal clans or Serer matriclans (Serer : Tim 〔 or ''Tiim''; Ndut : Ciiɗim〔Dupire, "Totems sereer et contrôle rituel de l'environnement", p 40〕) are the maternal clans of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania. The Serer are both patrilineal (''simanGol'' 〔Kalis, p 299〕 or ''Simangol''〔) and matrilineal.〔〔 Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Petit traité de matrilinarité. L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest", Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines 4 (1985) () Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa: A Note", O.R.S.T.O.M. Fonds Documentaire (1988), pp 1, 2-4 (pp 272-4), 7 (p 277) ()〕 Inheritance depends on the nature of the asset being inherited – i.e. whether it is a maternal asset which requires maternal inheritance (''ƭeen yaay''〔 Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer", Dakar (1993), CNRS - ORS TO M. () (Retrieved : 31 July 2012)〕 or ''den yaay''〔 Dupire, Marguerite, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut, KARTHALA Editions (1994). For tim and den yaay (see p. 116). The book also deals in depth about the Serer matriclans and means of succession through the matrilineal line. See also pages : 38, 95-99, 104, 119-20, 123, 160, 172-74 () ISBN 2865374874 (Retrieved : 31 July 2012)〕) or paternal asset requiring paternal inheritance (''kucarla'').〔 The Serer woman play a vital role in and . In pre-colonial times until the abolition of their monarchies, a Serer king would be required to crown his mother, maternal aunt or sister as Lingeer (queen) after his own coronation. This re-affirms the maternal lineage to which they both belong (''Tim''). The Lingeer was very powerful and had her own army and palace. She was the queen of all women and presided over female cases. From a religious perspective, the Serer woman plays a vital role in Serer religion. As members of the Serer priestly class (the Saltigues), they are among the guardians of Serer religion, sciences, ethics and . There are several Serer matriclans; not all of them are listed here. Alliance between matriclans in order to achieve a common goal was, and still is very common. The same clan can be called a different name depending on which part of one finds oneself in. Some of these matriclans form part of Serer mythology and dynastic history. The mythology afforded to some of these clans draws parallels with the Serer creation narrative, which posits that: the first human to be created was a female. Many Serers who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion believe these narratives to contain profound truths which are historic or pre-historic in nature. ==Terminology== *In Serer, ''Tim'' (proper : ''o tim''〔) means ''matriclan''〔Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "L'Egalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal", IRD Editions (1981), p 97, ISBN 2709905914〕 or the maternal origins of an individual.〔 The term ''o tim ole'' (var : ''tim ola''〔) means ''the matriclan''〔Kalis, Simone, "Médecine traditionnelle religion et divination chez les Seereer Sine du Senegal", La connaissance de la nuit, L'Harmattan (1997), p 300, ISBN 2-7384-5196-9〕 or the name of the family by the mother's line.〔 The name of the family by the father's line (i.e. surname) is called ''Simangol''. This is the name that the Serer carry for example : Sain, Joof, Faye, Sarr, Ngom, Njie, Ndour, Senghor, etc., (see Serer patronyms and for variations in spelling in the Gambia and Senegal). The Serers are bilineal, that is, patrilineal and matrilineal. For more on this, see those articles as well as family name. *The head of a matriclan is called ''Tokoor'' (or ''Tokor''). The Tokoor is usually a very old man (the eldest male of the clan) and a rather important figure in the maternal family.〔 *''ƭeen yaay''〔 or ''den yaay'' (var : ''den yay'' 〔) — means ''maternal inheritance''〔 or matrilineage〔 depending on context. *''A ndok ya'' — literally means a ''mother’s house'' (or ''cabin'').〔 In a historical sense, it can also means all those who trace descent from a direct maternal ancestor.〔 The paternal alternative is ''mbin'' (as in ''Mbin Semou Njekeh'' - see the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof). All the members of this mother's house partains to the same matriclan.〔〔 *''Maasir'' (Serer proper) also called ''Kalir'' (var : ''Kal'') is a joking relationship between various of the same ethnic group (for example between the Faye and Joof family - who are both ethnically Serers) or between paternal and maternal first cousins (i.e. between someone and the offsprings of his/her maternal uncle or paternal aunt).〔 The term ''Gamo'' (from the Serer word ''Gamahou'' or ''Gamohou'', which has Serer religious connotations〔Diouf, Niokhobaye, « Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)», . (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp 706-7 (pp 4-5), pp 713-14 (pp 9-10)〕) is used for the same purpose but between different ethnic groups (for example between the Serer, Jola and Toucouleurs, along with the Fula). Gamo is the proper term to describe these inter-ethnic joking relations, although it is common to hear it substituted with the terms ''maasir'', ''kalir'' or ''kal''. In the traditions of these groups, they are historical alliances between their ancestors, which were sometimes sealed with blood. These historical pacts dictates that these groups are required to assist one another in times of need; estopped from spilling the blood of another; give advise or even insult one another in a joking manner without the recipient taking offensive. In most cases, their descendants honour this ancient protocol to the present, especially between the Jola and Serer people who have an ancient relationship. This tradition which is present between Serer patriclans and in , is also present among the Serer matriclans. They are historical alliances to which their descendants still adhere to.〔 Faye, Ousmane, Diop, Adama, "Contribution a l'étude de l'histoire de Fa-oy des origines aux grandes migrations (XIIIe - XXe siècle): approche historique et ethnographique", Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar (2002), pp 64-70〕 For more on this, see Serer - Maasir. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Serer maternal clans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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